<feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><title>henpukuyu&#39;s Ownd</title><link href="https://henpukuyu.storeinfo.jp"></link><id>https://henpukuyu.storeinfo.jp</id><author><name>henpukuyu</name></author><updated>2020-03-22T18:48:13+00:00</updated><entry><title><![CDATA[▌Online Now▌ Mulán Watch Free]]></title><link rel="alternate" href="https://henpukuyu.storeinfo.jp/posts/7954209/"></link><id>https://henpukuyu.storeinfo.jp/posts/7954209</id><summary><![CDATA[★⁕✱✫♡✵❋♤❃⇩✪


❃⦂✰⊛✻✷ψ∞⦂↟♥

 
 

Publisher: Discount ThorResume Be bi, do crimes, drink responsibly, drop out of witcher schoolCast Li Gong
Release Year 2020
Mulan is a movie starring Yifei Liu, Donnie Yen, and Jet Li. A young Chinese maiden disguises herself as a male warrior in order to save her father. A live-action feature film based on Disney's 'Mulan.'
directed by Niki Caro
No Disney Así no. 
Vale, lo tomo. Pero que quede claro que estoy INDIGNADISIMO sin MUSHU.
小鴨影音的所有資源都搜集自網路，不做存儲和下載，若侵犯您的權益，請電郵至，我們會在72小時內處理！ @小鴨影音. 
Mul c3 a1n 2016. 
Mulán indavideo. 
Does someone somehow feel fired up after listening to this song.
Even is not a 'real' princess (but Disney insists to show her along with Cinderella and the others) Mulan is how a real princess should be. Fighter, courage, brave. She didnt wait for the man to rescue her or take her from her 'horrible life and destiny. Mulan is definitely one of the best.
Mulan honest trailer. 
Mulani rivera. 
Mulán canciones. 
Mulan cz. 
Mulan a girl worth fighting for. 

 
Mulán teljes mese magyarul. 
Jamas va a superar la pelicula original, pero con que sea un nivel decente me conformo. 
Por favor que metan musicas y comedia. 
Ese si es amor carajo.
Mulan haircut. 
Mulan písničky. 
Mulán reflejo. 
#FreeHongKong. 
3:05 - Lo tumban de una patada y el tan contento. oh si pégame papi, castígame - y luego le decepciona saber que era mujer? A mi me parece que era puto y lo disimulaba XD. 
Shang: “Ill make a man out of you” Mulan: laughs. 
Mulan trailer. 
Mulan soundtrack 2020. 
Mulan online cz. 
Hermosa película, me encantó, es mejor saber como ocurrió todo, vale mas la realidad que un cuento de niños. excelente 👏👏👏👏. 
COPYRIGHT c2012 KUO-KUANG MOTOR TRANSPORTATION COMPANY Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 　 免付費客服服務專線:0800-010-138
聯絡我們
FACEBOOK. 
Mulan imdb. 

Ya lo quiero ver 😭😭😭❤❤❤. 
Mulan let's get down to business. 
Mulan live action. 
Mulan trailer 1998. 
Mulan cartoon. 
Mulan loyal brave true. 

' Tu no sierves en la guerra cruel' yo en las pruebas de matematica. v
Mul c3 a1n performance. 
0:52 si hubiera mirado para abajo está película hubiera sido más corta. 
Mulan moira. 
Milan royal. 
Mulan 2020 trailer. 
Me hubiese gustado ver la verdadera voz de Mulan 😂💔😭. 
Mulan smite. 
Mulano stylos. 
What does LGBT means? L - let's G - get down to B - business T - to defeat the Huns. 
1:48 😭💔💔💔💔😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭💔💔💔💔😭😭😭💔😭😭😭💔💔😭💔💔💔💔💔😭😭😭😭💔💔💔😭😭😭💔💔💔💔💔💔😭😭😭. 
Hua Mulan ( 花木蘭) Mulan as depicted in the album Gathering Gems of Beauty (畫麗珠萃秀) First appearance Ballad of Mulan Created by Guo Maoqian Based on Musical Records of Old and New Information Gender Female Occupation Infantry Soldier Origin Northern Wei Nationality Xianbei or Chinese (not conclusive)
Hua Mulan Traditional Chinese 花 木 蘭 Simplified Chinese 花 木 兰 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Huā Mùlán Wade–Giles Hua 1 Mu 4 -lan 2 Gan Romanization Fa 1 Muk 6 -lan 4 Hakka Romanization Fa Muklan Yue: Cantonese Jyutping Faa 1 Muk 6 -laan 4 Southern Min Hokkien POJ Hoe Bo̍k-lân Middle Chinese Middle Chinese Hwæ Muk-lan Old Chinese Baxter–Sagart (2014) * qʷʰˤra C. mˤok-k. rˤan
Hua Mulan ( Chinese: 花木蘭) is a legendary/fictional female warrior from the Northern and Southern dynasties period of Chinese history, originally described in the Ballad of Mulan ( Chinese: 木蘭辭; pinyin: Mùlán cí). In the ballad, Hua Mulan, disguised as a man, takes her aged father's place in the army. Mulan fought for twelve years and gained high merit, but she refused any reward and retired to her hometown.
The historic setting of Ballad of Mulan is in the Northern Wei. Over a thousand years later, Xu Wei 's play from the Ming dynasty places her in the Northern Wei, whereas the Qing dynasty Sui Tang Romance has her active around the founding of the Tang c. 620. In 621, the founder of the Tang dynasty emerged victorious over Wang Shichong and Dou Jiande. The latter sired Dou Xianniang, another female warrior who became Mulan's laotong in the Sui Tang Romance. [1]
The Hua Mulan crater on Venus is named after her. [2] [3]
History [ edit]
Painting of Hua Mulan, 18th century, housed in the British Museum
The Ballad of Mulan was first transcribed in the Musical Records of Old and New ( Chinese: 古今樂錄; pinyin: Gǔjīn Yuèlù) in the 6th century. The earliest extant text of the poem comes from an 11th- or 12th-century anthology known as the Music Bureau Collection ( Chinese: 樂府詩; pinyin: Yuèfǔshī). Its author, Guo Maoqian, explicitly mentions the Musical Records of Old and New as his source for the poem. As a ballad, the lines do not necessarily have equal numbers of syllables. The poem consists of 31 couplets, and is mostly composed of five-character phrases, with a few extending to seven or nine.
In the late Ming, playwright Xu Wei (d. 1593) dramatized the tale as "The Female Mulan" ( 雌木蘭 or, more fully, "The Heroine Mulan Goes to War in Her Father's Place" ( Chinese: 雌木蘭替父從軍; pinyin: Cí-Mùlán Tì Fù Cóngjūn), in two acts.
Later, the character of Mulan was incorporated into the Sui-Tang Romance [ zh], a historical novel written by Chu Renhuo [ zh] in the 17th century, early in the Qing dynasty. [4] [5]
Over time, the story of Hua Mulan rose in popularity as a folk tale among the Chinese people on the same level as the Butterfly Lovers. [ citation needed]
Name [ edit]
In Chinese, mùlán refers to the magnolia. The heroine of the poem is given different family names in different versions of her story. According to History of Ming, her family name is Zhu (朱), while the History of Qing says it is Wei (魏). The family name Hua ( 花; Huā; 'flower'), which was introduced by Xu Wei, [6] has become the most popular in recent years in part because of its more poetic meaning.
Historicity [ edit]
The story of Hua Mulan is treated more as a legend than a historical person, and her name does not appear in Exemplary Women which is a compilation of biographies of women during the Northern Wei dynasty. [7] Her legend is, however, included in Yan Xiyuan's One Hundred Beauties which is a compilation of various women in Chinese folklore.
Plot [ edit]
Statue of Mulan being welcomed home, in the city of Xinxiang, China.
The Ballad of Hua Mulan is set in the Northern Wei era (386–536). The poem starts with Mulan sitting worriedly at her loom, as one male from each family is called to serve in the army to defend the Tuoba realm from Rouran invaders. Her father is old and weak, and her younger brother is just a child, so she decides to take his place and bids farewell to her parents, who support her. She is already skilled in fighting, having been taught martial arts, sword fighting, and archery by the time she enlists in the army. After twelve years of fighting, the army returns and the warriors are rewarded. Mulan turns down an official post, and asks only for a camel to carry her home. She is greeted with joy by her family. Mulan dons her old clothes and meets her comrades, who are shocked that in the 12 years of their enlistment together, they did not realize that she was a woman. [8]
Sui Tang Romance [ edit]
Chu Renhuo's Romance of the Sui and Tang (c. 1675; first edition 1695) provides additional backdrops and plot-twists. [4] Chu placed Mulan under the rule of Heshana Khan (603–619) of the Western Turkic Khaganate. When the Khan agrees to wage war in alliance with the emergent Tang dynasty, which was poised to conquer all of China, Mulan's father Hua Hu ( Chinese: 花弧) fears he will be conscripted into military service since he only has two daughters and an infant son. Mulan dresses as a man and enlists in her father's stead. She is intercepted by the forces of the Xia king Dou Jiande (573–621) and is brought under questioning by the king's warrior daughter Xianniang ( Chinese: 線娘), who tries to recruit Mulan as a man. Discovering Mulan to be a fellow female warrior, she is so delighted that they become sworn sisters. [5] [9]
In the Sui Tang Romance, Mulan comes to a tragic end, which "differs from the endings of most of the Hua Mulan legends. " [5] Xianniang's father is vanquished after siding with the enemy of the Tang dynasty, and the two sworn sisters, with knives in their mouths, surrender themselves to be executed in the place of the condemned man. The act of filial piety wins reprieve from Emperor Taizong of Tang and the imperial consort who was birth-mother to the Emperor bestows money to Mulan to provide for her parents and wedding funds for the princess who confessed to having promised herself to general Luó Chéng [ zh] ( Chinese: 羅成). [10] (In reality, Dou Jiande was executed, but in the novel he lives on as a monk. )
Mulan is given leave to journey back to her homeland, and once arrangements were made for Mulan's parents to relocate, it is expected that they will all be living in the princess's old capital of Leshou ( Chinese: 樂壽, modern Xian County, Hebei). Mulan is devastated to discover her father has long died and her mother has remarried. According to the novel, Mulan's mother was surnamed Yuan (袁) and remarried a man named Wei (魏). Even worse, the Khan has summoned her to the palace to become his concubine.
Rather than suffer this fate, she commits suicide. But before she dies, she entrusts an errand to her younger sister, Youlan ( Chinese: 又蘭), which was to deliver Xianniang's letter to her fiancé, Luó Chéng. This younger sister dresses as a man to make her delivery, but her disguise is discovered, and it arouses her recipient's amorous attention. [11]
In the novel, Mulan's father was from Hebei during the Northern Wei dynasty while her mother was from the Central Plain of China. [12] But "even a Chinese woman would prefer death by her own hand to serving a foreign ruler, " as some commentators have explained this Mulan character's motive for committing suicide. [13] Mulan's words before she committed suicide were, "I'm a girl, I have been through war and have done enough. I now want to be with my father. " [ citation needed]
Modern adaptations [ edit]
The story of Hua Mulan has inspired a number of screen and stage adaptations, including:
Stage [ edit]
Mulan Joins the Army (1917 play) starring Mei Lanfang
The Legend of Marissa Inouye (2013 dance production) by the Hong Kong Dance Company
Films [ edit]
Hua Mulan Joins the Army (1927 film) – a silent film released by Tianyi Film Company and directed by Li Pingqian.
Mulan Joins the Army (1928 film) – Mingxing Film Company production, directed by Hou Yao. The film was unsuccessful, in part due to the Tianyi film that was released the previous year.
Mulan Joins the Army (1939 film) – popular Chinese film made during the Second Sino-Japanese War, directed by Bu Wancang and written by Ouyang Yuqian. The film also created a large spark of popularity, in terms of literature. [14]
Lady General Hua Mu-lan (1964 film) – Hong Kong opera film.
Saga of Mulan (1994 film) – Film adaptation of the Chinese opera based on the legend.
The Secret of Mulan – A 1998 animated film by Hong Ying Animation, in which the characters are anthropomorphic animals.
Mulan (1998 film) – Disney animated feature, and the basis of many derivative works. Disney's version of the Mulan character has subsequently appeared in other media and promotions, mainly as part of the Disney Princess product line.
Mulan II (2004 film) – A direct-to-video Disney animated sequel, set one month after the events of Disney's 1998 film.
Mulan (2020 film) – Live action film from Disney that is a loose remake of the 1998 animated film, which is meant to better resemble the original tale. [15]
Mulan (2009 film) – Chinese live action film.
An upcoming live-action adaptation of Mulan's legend. The film is to be produced by Sony Pictures and directed by Alex Graves. [16]
Mulan Joins the Army songbook, Hong Kong, early 1960's
Television series [ edit]
A Tough Side of a Lady (1998 film) – Hong Kong TVB drama series of Mulan starring Mariane Chan as Hua Mulan.
Hua Mu Lan (1999 series) – Taiwan CTV period drama serial starring Anita Yuen as Hua Mulan.
Jamie Chung portrays Mulan in the second, third and fifth seasons of the U. S. TV series Once Upon a Time (2012–2013). [17] [18]
Mu Lan 巾幗大將軍 (2012) – China production with Elanne Kong starring as Mu Lan
The Legend of Hua Mulan 花木蘭傳奇 (2013) – CCTV production starring Hou Meng Yao, Dylan Kuo, Liu De Kai, Ray Lui, Dai Chunrong and Angel Wang. It consists of forty-nine episodes.
Literature [ edit]
Maxine Hong Kingston re-visited Mulan's tale in her 1975 text, The Woman Warrior. Kingston's version popularized the story in the West and may have led to the Disney animated feature adaptation. [19]
The Legend of Mu Lan: A Heroine of Ancient China [20] was the first English language picture book featuring the character Mulan published in the United States in 1992 by Victory Press.
In the fantasy/alternate history novel Throne of Jade (2006), China's aerial corps is described as being composed of all female captains and their dragons due to the precedent set by the legendary woman warrior.
Cameron Dokey created 'Wild Orchid' in 2009, a retelling of the Ballad of Mulan as part of the Once Upon A Time series of novels published by Simon Pulse, an imprint of Simon & Schuster.
In the comic, Deadpool Killustrated (2013), Hua Mulan, along with Natty Bumppo, and Beowulf are brought together by Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson (using H. G. Wells ' time machine) to stop Deadpool from killing all beloved literary characters and destroying the literary universe.
Reflection by Elizabeth Lim was published in 2018 as an installment in Disney Press' Twisted Tales series. This is an alternate ending to the Disney film in which Mulan must travel to Diyu, the Underworld, in order to save her captain.
In The Magnolia Sword: A Ballad of Mulan by Sherry Thomas (2019), Mulan has trained in the martial arts since childhood in preparation for a hereditary duel. When she goes to war in her father's stead, she is shocked to discover her team's captain is also her opponent in the duel.
Children's books [ edit]
I am Hua Mulan, by Qin Wenjun, illust. Yu Rong (2017) [21] – in Chinese
The Ballad of Mulan by Song Nan Zhang (1998) – in English
Video games [ edit]
The story of Hua Mulan is unofficially continued in the video game 'Smite', where the female warrior has ascended to the status of a god and fights amongst other gods in ancient history. She plays as a melee bruiser who wields three weapons: a sword, a spear and a bow. The newly adapted lore features in her kit, where she gains 'skill' towards each of her weapons by using them against other players, giving them new attributes in line with her 'ascension' to godhood. She displays her newfound power in her ultimate, which is a flurry of attacks using all three of her weapons imbued with divine energy.
See also [ edit]
List of women warriors in folklore
Women warriors
Notes [ edit]
^ Kwa & Idema 2010, p. 12n
^ Russell, Joel F., Schaber, Gerald G. (March 1993). "Named Venusian craters". In Lunar and Planetary Inst., Twenty-Fourth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Bibcode: 1993LPI.... 24. 1219R. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter ( link)
^ "Venus Crater Database". Lunar and Planetary Institute of the Universities Space Research Association. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
^ a b Kwa & Idema 2010, pp. xx–xxi, 119–120
^ a b c Huang 2006, pp. 120, 124–5
^ Kwa & Idema 2010, p. xvii
^ Mann, Susan. Precious Records: Women in China's Long Eighteenth Century. Stanford University Press; 1 edition (May 1, 1997). p. 208. ISBN 978-0804727440
^ "The Legendary Warrior that Inspired Disney's Mulan Is Pretty Badass". Archived from the original on 2016-12-11. Retrieved 2016-12-15.
^ Ren-Huo Chu. Suei Tang Yan Yi at Project Gutenberg, Ch. 56 (第五十六回)
^ Ren-Huo Chu. 59 (第五十九回)
^ Ren-Huo Chu. 60 (第六十回)
^ Ch. 56, "其父名弧，字乘之，拓拔魏河北人，为千夫长。续娶一妻袁氏，中原人。"
^ Huang 2006, p. 120
^ "Google Ngram Viewer".. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
^ Nguyen, Minh (13 September 2016). "Live-Action Mulan Film Revives Anti-Whitewashing Petition". NBC News. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
^ Fleming Jr, Mike (17 October 2016). " ' Game Of Thrones' Alex Graves To Helm Sony's 'Mulan ' ". Deadline. Retrieved 2016-10-17.
^ Hibberd, James (5 July 2012). " ' Once Upon a Time' scoop: 'Hangover 2' actress cast as legendary warrior".. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
^ Nichols, James (15 October 2013). " ' Once Upon A Time, ' Disney-ABC Show'October 2013"..
^ Hong Kingston, Maxine (1989). The Woman Warrior. New York: Random House. pp. 40–53. ISBN 0679721886.
^ Hu, Eileen. "Mulan".. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
^ "33. I Am Mulan". Chinese books for young readers. 2017-03-13. Retrieved 2018-10-01.
References [ edit]
Further reading [ edit]
Dong, Lan. Mulan's Legend and Legacy in China and the United States (Temple University Press; 2010) 263 pages; Traces literary and other images of Mulan from premodern China to contemporary China and the United States.
External links [ edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hua Mulan.
Information on the historical Mulan
Ode to Mulan The original poem in Chinese and English side-by-side translation.
The female individual and the empire: A historicist approach to Mulan and Kingston's woman warrior
The poem in Chinese calligraphy (images), simplified characters, traditional characters, and an English translation
The poem in printed Chinese, with hyperlinks to definitions and etymologies. 
Mulán videa. 
Mul c3 a1n test. 
Entiendo que hay que innovar con la tecnología al alcance de la mano, pero para los que somos de las personas que hemos visto la versión animada, de mi parte siento que le quitan una chispa, una parte, una esencia, un algo! Y han cambiado varias cosas, pusieron a la hermana de la madre de Mulán, y la abuela? Le cambiaron el nombre que Mulán dijo cuando fue a la guerra (Pin, le daba el toque gracioso) lo de la bruja me parece espectacular siempre tuve curiosidad del águila, pero y mushu? Y el grillo de la suerte? Esos personajes le daban la chispa graciosa. Ahora que veo los trailers como que lo quieren dar ficción y realidad, cambian el público infantil al de adultos...
Mulán teljes film magyarul videa. 
Mulan final trailer. 
Mulan film. 
Mulan reflection. 
Melaniie. 
Una de las mejores peliculas de Disney que muestra que no hay Desigualdad de genero ni en la China ;V. 
Corrió como volando por pasos y montañas.
Mulan wco. 
So no, I don't think this will be the same disaster as The Lion King remake was.
Mul c3 a1n oil. 

Mulán teljes. 
Mulan 1998 trailer. 
Mulan 1998. 
https://www.bizcommunity.com/Profile/MovieWatchMulanWithoutPayi
https://seesaawiki.jp/hoshitai/d/%A2%E9at%20Dailymotion%20Mulan%20Watch%20Full%20Length
https://satsurigaka.therestaurant.jp/posts/7949651

 
 


    
    
    
    
    
]]></summary><author><name>henpukuyu</name></author><published>2020-03-22T18:48:13+00:00</published><updated>2020-03-22T18:48:13+00:00</updated><content type="html"><![CDATA[
		<div>
			<p><br></p><h2><p>★⁕✱✫♡✵❋♤❃⇩✪</p>
<p><a href="https://moviebemka.com/id-7685.htm?utm_source=storeinfo.jp" class="u-lnk-clr"><img src="https://i.imgur.com/9jzo4yz.gif"></a></p>
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<p>❃⦂✰⊛✻✷ψ∞⦂↟♥</p></h2><p>

</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>
</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>

</p><p><img src="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1190431036058021889/OPmfm1N3_normal.jpg"></p><p>Publisher: <a href="https://twitter.com/wolfyboah" class="u-lnk-clr">Discount Thor</a></p><p>Resume Be bi, do crimes, drink responsibly, drop out of witcher school</p><p>Cast Li Gong<br>
Release Year 2020<br>
Mulan is a movie starring Yifei Liu, Donnie Yen, and Jet Li. A young Chinese maiden disguises herself as a male warrior in order to save her father. A live-action feature film based on Disney's 'Mulan.'<br>
directed by Niki Caro<br>
No Disney Así no. 
Vale, lo tomo. Pero que quede claro que estoy INDIGNADISIMO sin MUSHU.
小鴨影音的所有資源都搜集自網路，不做存儲和下載，若侵犯您的權益，請電郵至，我們會在72小時內處理！ @小鴨影音. 
Mul c3 a1n 2016. 
Mulán indavideo. 
Does someone somehow feel fired up after listening to this song.</p><p>
</p><p>Even is not a 'real' princess (but Disney insists to show her along with Cinderella and the others) Mulan is how a real princess should be. Fighter, courage, brave. She didnt wait for the man to rescue her or take her from her 'horrible life and destiny. Mulan is definitely one of the best.
Mulan honest trailer. 
Mulani rivera. 
Mulán canciones. 
Mulan cz. 
Mulan a girl worth fighting for. 
</p><p>
</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>
</p><p>Mulán teljes mese magyarul. 
Jamas va a superar la pelicula original, pero con que sea un nivel decente me conformo. 
Por favor que metan musicas y comedia. 
Ese si es amor carajo.
Mulan haircut. 
Mulan písničky. 
Mulán reflejo. 
#FreeHongKong. 
3:05 - Lo tumban de una patada y el tan contento. oh si pégame papi, castígame - y luego le decepciona saber que era mujer? A mi me parece que era puto y lo disimulaba XD. 
Shang: “Ill make a man out of you” Mulan: laughs. 
Mulan trailer. 
Mulan soundtrack 2020. 
Mulan online cz. 
Hermosa película, me encantó, es mejor saber como ocurrió todo, vale mas la realidad que un cuento de niños. excelente 👏👏👏👏. </p><p>
</p><p>COPYRIGHT c2012 KUO-KUANG MOTOR TRANSPORTATION COMPANY Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 　 免付費客服服務專線:0800-010-138
聯絡我們
FACEBOOK. 
Mulan imdb. 
<img src="https://www.watchcartoononline.io/thumbs/mulan.jpg">
Ya lo quiero ver 😭😭😭❤❤❤. 
Mulan let's get down to business. 
Mulan live action. 
Mulan trailer 1998. 
Mulan cartoon. 
Mulan loyal brave true. 
</p><p>
</p><h2>' Tu no sierves en la guerra cruel' yo en las pruebas de matematica. v</h2><p>
</p><p>Mul c3 a1n performance. 
0:52 si hubiera mirado para abajo está película hubiera sido más corta. 
Mulan moira. 
Milan royal. 
Mulan 2020 trailer. 
Me hubiese gustado ver la verdadera voz de Mulan 😂💔😭. 
Mulan smite. 
Mulano stylos. 
What does LGBT means? L - let's G - get down to B - business T - to defeat the Huns. 
1:48 😭💔💔💔💔😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭💔💔💔💔😭😭😭💔😭😭😭💔💔😭💔💔💔💔💔😭😭😭😭💔💔💔😭😭😭💔💔💔💔💔💔😭😭😭. 
Hua Mulan ( 花木蘭) Mulan as depicted in the album Gathering Gems of Beauty (畫麗珠萃秀) First appearance Ballad of Mulan Created by Guo Maoqian Based on Musical Records of Old and New Information Gender Female Occupation Infantry Soldier Origin Northern Wei Nationality Xianbei or Chinese (not conclusive)
Hua Mulan Traditional&nbsp;Chinese 花 木 蘭 Simplified Chinese 花 木 兰 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Huā Mùlán Wade–Giles Hua 1 Mu 4 -lan 2 Gan Romanization Fa 1 Muk 6 -lan 4 Hakka Romanization Fa Muklan Yue: Cantonese Jyutping Faa 1 Muk 6 -laan 4 Southern Min Hokkien POJ Hoe Bo̍k-lân Middle Chinese Middle Chinese Hwæ Muk-lan Old Chinese Baxter–Sagart (2014) * qʷʰˤra C. mˤok-k. rˤan
Hua Mulan ( Chinese: 花木蘭) is a legendary/fictional female warrior from the Northern and Southern dynasties period of Chinese history, originally described in the Ballad of Mulan ( Chinese: 木蘭辭; pinyin: Mùlán cí). In the ballad, Hua Mulan, disguised as a man, takes her aged father's place in the army. Mulan fought for twelve years and gained high merit, but she refused any reward and retired to her hometown.
The historic setting of Ballad of Mulan is in the Northern Wei. Over a thousand years later, Xu Wei 's play from the Ming dynasty places her in the Northern Wei, whereas the Qing dynasty Sui Tang Romance has her active around the founding of the Tang c. 620. In 621, the founder of the Tang dynasty emerged victorious over Wang Shichong and Dou Jiande. The latter sired Dou Xianniang, another female warrior who became Mulan's laotong in the Sui Tang Romance. [1]
The Hua Mulan crater on Venus is named after her. [2] [3]
History [ edit]
Painting of Hua Mulan, 18th century, housed in the British Museum
The Ballad of Mulan was first transcribed in the Musical Records of Old and New ( Chinese: 古今樂錄; pinyin: Gǔjīn Yuèlù) in the 6th century. The earliest extant text of the poem comes from an 11th- or 12th-century anthology known as the Music Bureau Collection ( Chinese: 樂府詩; pinyin: Yuèfǔshī). Its author, Guo Maoqian, explicitly mentions the Musical Records of Old and New as his source for the poem. As a ballad, the lines do not necessarily have equal numbers of syllables. The poem consists of 31 couplets, and is mostly composed of five-character phrases, with a few extending to seven or nine.
In the late Ming, playwright Xu Wei (d. 1593) dramatized the tale as "The Female Mulan" ( 雌木蘭 or, more fully, "The Heroine Mulan Goes to War in Her Father's Place" ( Chinese: 雌木蘭替父從軍; pinyin: Cí-Mùlán Tì Fù Cóngjūn), in two acts.
Later, the character of Mulan was incorporated into the Sui-Tang Romance [ zh], a historical novel written by Chu Renhuo [ zh] in the 17th century, early in the Qing dynasty. [4] [5]
Over time, the story of Hua Mulan rose in popularity as a folk tale among the Chinese people on the same level as the Butterfly Lovers. [ citation needed]
Name [ edit]
In Chinese, mùlán refers to the magnolia. The heroine of the poem is given different family names in different versions of her story. According to History of Ming, her family name is Zhu (朱), while the History of Qing says it is Wei (魏). The family name Hua ( 花; Huā; 'flower'), which was introduced by Xu Wei, [6] has become the most popular in recent years in part because of its more poetic meaning.
Historicity [ edit]
The story of Hua Mulan is treated more as a legend than a historical person, and her name does not appear in Exemplary Women which is a compilation of biographies of women during the Northern Wei dynasty. [7] Her legend is, however, included in Yan Xiyuan's One Hundred Beauties which is a compilation of various women in Chinese folklore.
Plot [ edit]
Statue of Mulan being welcomed home, in the city of Xinxiang, China.
The Ballad of Hua Mulan is set in the Northern Wei era (386–536). The poem starts with Mulan sitting worriedly at her loom, as one male from each family is called to serve in the army to defend the Tuoba realm from Rouran invaders. Her father is old and weak, and her younger brother is just a child, so she decides to take his place and bids farewell to her parents, who support her. She is already skilled in fighting, having been taught martial arts, sword fighting, and archery by the time she enlists in the army. After twelve years of fighting, the army returns and the warriors are rewarded. Mulan turns down an official post, and asks only for a camel to carry her home. She is greeted with joy by her family. Mulan dons her old clothes and meets her comrades, who are shocked that in the 12 years of their enlistment together, they did not realize that she was a woman. [8]
Sui Tang Romance [ edit]
Chu Renhuo's Romance of the Sui and Tang (c. 1675; first edition 1695) provides additional backdrops and plot-twists. [4] Chu placed Mulan under the rule of Heshana Khan (603–619) of the Western Turkic Khaganate. When the Khan agrees to wage war in alliance with the emergent Tang dynasty, which was poised to conquer all of China, Mulan's father Hua Hu ( Chinese: 花弧) fears he will be conscripted into military service since he only has two daughters and an infant son. Mulan dresses as a man and enlists in her father's stead. She is intercepted by the forces of the Xia king Dou Jiande (573–621) and is brought under questioning by the king's warrior daughter Xianniang ( Chinese: 線娘), who tries to recruit Mulan as a man. Discovering Mulan to be a fellow female warrior, she is so delighted that they become sworn sisters. [5] [9]
In the Sui Tang Romance, Mulan comes to a tragic end, which "differs from the endings of most of the Hua Mulan legends. " [5] Xianniang's father is vanquished after siding with the enemy of the Tang dynasty, and the two sworn sisters, with knives in their mouths, surrender themselves to be executed in the place of the condemned man. The act of filial piety wins reprieve from Emperor Taizong of Tang and the imperial consort who was birth-mother to the Emperor bestows money to Mulan to provide for her parents and wedding funds for the princess who confessed to having promised herself to general Luó Chéng [ zh] ( Chinese: 羅成). [10] (In reality, Dou Jiande was executed, but in the novel he lives on as a monk. )
Mulan is given leave to journey back to her homeland, and once arrangements were made for Mulan's parents to relocate, it is expected that they will all be living in the princess's old capital of Leshou ( Chinese: 樂壽, modern Xian County, Hebei). Mulan is devastated to discover her father has long died and her mother has remarried. According to the novel, Mulan's mother was surnamed Yuan (袁) and remarried a man named Wei (魏). Even worse, the Khan has summoned her to the palace to become his concubine.
Rather than suffer this fate, she commits suicide. But before she dies, she entrusts an errand to her younger sister, Youlan ( Chinese: 又蘭), which was to deliver Xianniang's letter to her fiancé, Luó Chéng. This younger sister dresses as a man to make her delivery, but her disguise is discovered, and it arouses her recipient's amorous attention. [11]
In the novel, Mulan's father was from Hebei during the Northern Wei dynasty while her mother was from the Central Plain of China. [12] But "even a Chinese woman would prefer death by her own hand to serving a foreign ruler, " as some commentators have explained this Mulan character's motive for committing suicide. [13] Mulan's words before she committed suicide were, "I'm a girl, I have been through war and have done enough. I now want to be with my father. " [ citation needed]
Modern adaptations [ edit]
The story of Hua Mulan has inspired a number of screen and stage adaptations, including:
Stage [ edit]
Mulan Joins the Army (1917 play) starring Mei Lanfang
The Legend of Marissa Inouye (2013 dance production) by the Hong Kong Dance Company
Films [ edit]
Hua Mulan Joins the Army (1927 film) – a silent film released by Tianyi Film Company and directed by Li Pingqian.
Mulan Joins the Army (1928 film) – Mingxing Film Company production, directed by Hou Yao. The film was unsuccessful, in part due to the Tianyi film that was released the previous year.
Mulan Joins the Army (1939 film) – popular Chinese film made during the Second Sino-Japanese War, directed by Bu Wancang and written by Ouyang Yuqian. The film also created a large spark of popularity, in terms of literature. [14]
Lady General Hua Mu-lan (1964 film) – Hong Kong opera film.
Saga of Mulan (1994 film) – Film adaptation of the Chinese opera based on the legend.
The Secret of Mulan – A 1998 animated film by Hong Ying Animation, in which the characters are anthropomorphic animals.
Mulan (1998 film) – Disney animated feature, and the basis of many derivative works. Disney's version of the Mulan character has subsequently appeared in other media and promotions, mainly as part of the Disney Princess product line.
Mulan II (2004 film) – A direct-to-video Disney animated sequel, set one month after the events of Disney's 1998 film.
Mulan (2020 film) – Live action film from Disney that is a loose remake of the 1998 animated film, which is meant to better resemble the original tale. [15]
Mulan (2009 film) – Chinese live action film.
An upcoming live-action adaptation of Mulan's legend. The film is to be produced by Sony Pictures and directed by Alex Graves. [16]
Mulan Joins the Army songbook, Hong Kong, early 1960's
Television series [ edit]
A Tough Side of a Lady (1998 film) – Hong Kong TVB drama series of Mulan starring Mariane Chan as Hua Mulan.
Hua Mu Lan (1999 series) – Taiwan CTV period drama serial starring Anita Yuen as Hua Mulan.
Jamie Chung portrays Mulan in the second, third and fifth seasons of the U. S. TV series Once Upon a Time (2012–2013). [17] [18]
Mu Lan 巾幗大將軍 (2012) – China production with Elanne Kong starring as Mu Lan
The Legend of Hua Mulan 花木蘭傳奇 (2013) – CCTV production starring Hou Meng Yao, Dylan Kuo, Liu De Kai, Ray Lui, Dai Chunrong and Angel Wang. It consists of forty-nine episodes.
Literature [ edit]
Maxine Hong Kingston re-visited Mulan's tale in her 1975 text, The Woman Warrior. Kingston's version popularized the story in the West and may have led to the Disney animated feature adaptation. [19]
The Legend of Mu Lan: A Heroine of Ancient China [20] was the first English language picture book featuring the character Mulan published in the United States in 1992 by Victory Press.
In the fantasy/alternate history novel Throne of Jade (2006), China's aerial corps is described as being composed of all female captains and their dragons due to the precedent set by the legendary woman warrior.
Cameron Dokey created 'Wild Orchid' in 2009, a retelling of the Ballad of Mulan as part of the Once Upon A Time series of novels published by Simon Pulse, an imprint of Simon &amp; Schuster.
In the comic, Deadpool Killustrated (2013), Hua Mulan, along with Natty Bumppo, and Beowulf are brought together by Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson (using H. G. Wells ' time machine) to stop Deadpool from killing all beloved literary characters and destroying the literary universe.
Reflection by Elizabeth Lim was published in 2018 as an installment in Disney Press' Twisted Tales series. This is an alternate ending to the Disney film in which Mulan must travel to Diyu, the Underworld, in order to save her captain.
In The Magnolia Sword: A Ballad of Mulan by Sherry Thomas (2019), Mulan has trained in the martial arts since childhood in preparation for a hereditary duel. When she goes to war in her father's stead, she is shocked to discover her team's captain is also her opponent in the duel.
Children's books [ edit]
I am Hua Mulan, by Qin Wenjun, illust. Yu Rong (2017) [21] – in Chinese
The Ballad of Mulan by Song Nan Zhang (1998) – in English
Video games [ edit]
The story of Hua Mulan is unofficially continued in the video game 'Smite', where the female warrior has ascended to the status of a god and fights amongst other gods in ancient history. She plays as a melee bruiser who wields three weapons: a sword, a spear and a bow. The newly adapted lore features in her kit, where she gains 'skill' towards each of her weapons by using them against other players, giving them new attributes in line with her 'ascension' to godhood. She displays her newfound power in her ultimate, which is a flurry of attacks using all three of her weapons imbued with divine energy.
See also [ edit]
List of women warriors in folklore
Women warriors
Notes [ edit]
^ Kwa &amp; Idema 2010, p.&nbsp;12n
^ Russell, Joel F., Schaber, Gerald G. (March 1993). "Named Venusian craters". In Lunar and Planetary Inst., Twenty-Fourth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Bibcode: 1993LPI.... 24. 1219R. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter ( link)
^ "Venus Crater Database". Lunar and Planetary Institute of the Universities Space Research Association. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
^ a b Kwa &amp; Idema 2010, pp.&nbsp;xx–xxi, 119–120
^ a b c Huang 2006, pp.&nbsp;120, 124–5
^ Kwa &amp; Idema 2010, p.&nbsp;xvii
^ Mann, Susan. Precious Records: Women in China's Long Eighteenth Century. Stanford University Press; 1 edition (May 1, 1997). p. 208. ISBN 978-0804727440
^ "The Legendary Warrior that Inspired Disney's Mulan Is Pretty Badass". Archived from the original on 2016-12-11. Retrieved 2016-12-15.
^ Ren-Huo Chu. Suei Tang Yan Yi at Project Gutenberg, Ch. 56 (第五十六回)
^ Ren-Huo Chu. 59 (第五十九回)
^ Ren-Huo Chu. 60 (第六十回)
^ Ch. 56, "其父名弧，字乘之，拓拔魏河北人，为千夫长。续娶一妻袁氏，中原人。"
^ Huang 2006, p.&nbsp;120
^ "Google Ngram Viewer".. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
^ Nguyen, Minh (13 September 2016). "Live-Action Mulan Film Revives Anti-Whitewashing Petition". NBC News. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
^ Fleming Jr, Mike (17 October 2016). " ' Game Of Thrones' Alex Graves To Helm Sony's 'Mulan ' ". Deadline. Retrieved 2016-10-17.
^ Hibberd, James (5 July 2012). " ' Once Upon a Time' scoop: 'Hangover 2' actress cast as legendary warrior".. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
^ Nichols, James (15 October 2013). " ' Once Upon A Time, ' Disney-ABC Show'October 2013"..
^ Hong Kingston, Maxine (1989). The Woman Warrior. New York: Random House. pp. 40–53. ISBN 0679721886.
^ Hu, Eileen. "Mulan".. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
^ "33. I Am Mulan". Chinese books for young readers. 2017-03-13. Retrieved 2018-10-01.
References [ edit]
Further reading [ edit]
Dong, Lan. Mulan's Legend and Legacy in China and the United States (Temple University Press; 2010) 263 pages; Traces literary and other images of Mulan from premodern China to contemporary China and the United States.
External links [ edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hua Mulan.
Information on the historical Mulan
Ode to Mulan The original poem in Chinese and English side-by-side translation.
The female individual and the empire: A historicist approach to Mulan and Kingston's woman warrior
The poem in Chinese calligraphy (images), simplified characters, traditional characters, and an English translation
The poem in printed Chinese, with hyperlinks to definitions and etymologies. </p><p>
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Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.
Windows on the World
Vue du restaurant depuis la tour sud du World Trade Center, en 1979.
Présentation
Coordonnées 40° 42′ 41″ nord, 74° 00′ 48″ ouest
Pays
États-Unis
Ville
New York
Adresse
Tour nord du World Trade Center ( 107 e étage)
Fondation
19 avril 1976
Fermeture
11 septembre 2001 (destruction)
Site web
Informations
Chef cuisinier
Michael Lomonaco
modifier
Le Windows on the World (de l' anglais signifiant littéralement « fenêtres sur le monde ») était un restaurant de luxe, situé au sommet de la tour nord du World Trade Center ( 106 e et 107 e étages), sur l'île de Manhattan sur laquelle il offrait une vue panoramique, à New York aux États-Unis. Il a été détruit lors des attentats du 11 septembre 2001 contre le complexe, au moment de l'effondrement de la tour à 10 h 28.
Caractéristiques [ modifier | modifier le code]
La tour nord du World Trade Center (à gauche), où le restaurant occupait les derniers étages. Le restaurant en 1999.
D'une superficie de 4 600 m 2, le restaurant Windows on the World a ouvert le 19 avril 1976 aux 106 e et 107 e étages de la tour nord du World Trade Center, soit à près de 400 mètres de haut.
Conçu initialement par Warren Plattner, il était situé sur le côté nord, offrant à la clientèle une vue sur la ligne d'horizon de Manhattan. Le code vestimentaire obligatoire pour les hommes était la veste; il était strictement appliqué, et pour anecdote, un homme qui arrivait avec une réservation, mais sans veste, était assis au bar.
Le bar s'étendait le long du côté sud de la tour, ainsi qu'au coin de la partie est. Le code vestimentaire du bar était plus détendu et les prix étaient allégés. Le moment le plus populaire était le mercredi lorsque se tenait le Happy Hour Wednesday, quand les consommations étaient gratuites.
On pouvait profiter de la vue sur la pointe sud de Manhattan, où l' Hudson et l' East Rivers se rencontrent. En outre, on pouvait voir le Liberty State Park à Ellis Island et Staten Island, avec le pont Verrazano.
Le restaurant a fermé suite à l' attaque à la voiture piégée perpétrée le 26 février 1993 contre les Twin Towers dans laquelle un employé du restaurant a été tué. Il a rouvert en 1996 après une rénovation ayant coûté 25 millions de dollars.
Avec 37, 5 millions de dollars de bénéfices pour l'année 2000, le Windows on the World était le restaurant dont l'exploitation rapportait le plus d'argent aux États-Unis [ 1].
Attentats du 11 septembre 2001 [ modifier | modifier le code]
Le Windows on the World a été détruit lors des attentats du 11 septembre 2001 contre le World Trade Center, au moment de l'effondrement de la tour nord, à 10 h 28, touchée plus tôt dans la matinée par le crash du vol 11 American Airlines.
Au moment de l'impact de l'avion, à 8 h 46, le restaurant accueillait le Waters Financial Technology Congress, une conférence du Risk Waters Group, avec seize employés présents, ainsi que leurs soixante-et-onze invités [ 2] et une dizaine d'autres clients, en plus des 73 employés du restaurant travaillant à ce moment-là. Parmi ces derniers, le manager Christine Anne Olender appela à différentes reprises la police du port autonome pour demander du secours [ 3]; après 9 h 40, les appels de détresse depuis le restaurant cessèrent.
Le restaurant se trouvant au-dessus de la zone du crash aérien, les personnes présentes au Windows on the World n'ont pas eu la moindre chance de sortir du bâtiment, les escaliers ne permettant plus de descendre en dessous de la zone d'impact; l'accès au toit était par ailleurs bloqué et aucun appareil de secours ne pouvait s'y poser. Ces personnes ont alors trouvé la mort soit en inhalant les fumées provoquées par l'incendie, soit en se défenestrant, ou bien à cause de l'effondrement en lui-même.
La personne se trouvant sur la célèbre photographie de l'homme en chute libre ( The Falling Man) pourrait être un employé du restaurant du nom de Jonathan Briley, mais rien ne permet d'établir son identité avec certitude [ 4].
Michael Nestor, Liz Thompson, Richard Tierney et Geoffrey Wharton sont les dernières personnes à avoir quitté le restaurant avant l'impact du vol AA 11, à 8 h 46 [ 5]. De plus, Larry Silverstein, propriétaire du bail du World Trade Center, avait pour habitude de prendre son petit déjeuner au Windows on the World mais ne fut pas présent ce jour-là, sa femme insistant pour qu'il se rende à un rendez-vous chez son dermatologue [ 6].
Postérité [ modifier | modifier le code]
Le 4 janvier 2006, les survivants du personnel du Windows on the World ont ouvert, en hommage à leurs collègues disparus, un restaurant coopératif du nom de « Colors », toujours à New York, dont le menu se veut représentatif de la diversité des membres de l'ancienne équipe.
Un projet de réouverture du Windows on the World dans les derniers étages du nouveau One World Trade Center était prévu une fois la tour achevée; le restaurant devait couvrir deux étages de l'immeuble avant d'être limité à un seul niveau. Finalement, le projet est annulé le 7 mars 2011, en raison notamment d'un problème de financement [ 7].
Bibliographie [ modifier | modifier le code]
2003: Windows on the World, roman de Frédéric Beigbeder, racontant l'histoire d'un père et ses deux enfants, âgés de 7 et 9 ans, présents dans le restaurant; le roman débute peu de temps avant le crash aérien, à 8 h 29, et se termine peu après l'effondrement de la tour, à 10 h 30;
2012: The Restaurant at the End of the World, roman de Kenneth Womack, s’intéressant aux personnalités du restaurant - employés et clients - au matin du 11 septembre 2001.
Notes et références [ modifier | modifier le code]
↑ (en) Howard G. Goldberg, « Windows on the World, The wine community's true north », sur Wine News.
↑ (en) « Risk Waters Group releases a list of missing staff & companies thought to have had delegates at our conference in the World Trade Center. », Risk Waters Group, 16 octobre 2001.
↑ (en) « 'We need to find a safe haven, ' WTC restaurant manager pleads », sur USA Today, 28 août 2003
↑ Henry Singer, 9/11: The Falling Man, documentaire télévisé, 2006.
↑ (en) Tom Leonard, « The 9/11 victims America wants to forget: The 200 jumpers who flung themselves from the Twin Towers who have been 'airbrushed from history' », sur Daily Mail, 11 septembre 2011
↑ (en) « Larry Silverstein: Silverstein Properties », sur Daily Mail, 13 mars 2013
↑ (en) Douglas Feiden, « Plans to build new version of Windows on the World at top of Freedom Tower are scrapped », sur New York Daily News, 7 mars 2011
Voir aussi [ modifier | modifier le code]
Articles connexes [ modifier | modifier le code]
World Trade Center
Liens externes [ modifier | modifier le code]
L'ancien site web du restaurant (versions archivées par Internet Archive):
Avant sa destruction
Après sa destruction. 
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Windows on the World Restaurant information Established April 19, 1976 Closed September 11, 2001 (destroyed in September 11 attacks) Previous owner(s) David Emil Head chef Michael Lomonaco Street address 1 World Trade Center, 107th Floor, Manhattan, New York City, NY, U. S. City New York City, New York Postal/ZIP Code 10048 Country United States of America Seating capacity 240 Website
Windows on the World was a complex of venues on the top floors (106th and 107th) of the North Tower (Building One) of the original World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan. It included a restaurant called Windows on the World, a smaller restaurant called Wild Blue, a bar called The Greatest Bar on Earth, and rooms for private functions. Developed by restaurateur Joe Baum and designed initially by Warren Platner, Windows on the World occupied 50, 000 square feet (4, 600 m²) of space in the North Tower. The restaurants opened on April 19, 1976, and were destroyed in the September 11, 2001, attacks. [1]
Operations [ edit]
Interior of Windows on the World on November 4, 1999
The main dining room faced north and east, allowing guests to look out onto the skyline of Manhattan. The dress code required jackets for men and was strictly enforced; a man who arrived with a reservation but without a jacket was seated at the bar. The restaurant offered jackets that were loaned to the patrons so they could eat in the main dining room. [2]
A more intimate dining room, Wild Blue, was located on the south side of the restaurant. The bar extended along the south side of 1 World Trade Center as well as the corner over part of the east side. Looking out from the bar through the full length windows, one could see views of the southern tip of Manhattan, where the Hudson and East Rivers meet. In addition, one could see the Liberty State Park with Ellis Island and Staten Island with the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. The kitchens, utility and conference spaces for the restaurant were located on the 106th floor.
Windows on the World closed after the 1993 bombing, in which employee Wilfredo Mercado was killed while checking in deliveries in the building's underground garage. It underwent a US$25 million renovation and reopened in 1996. [3] [4] In 2000, its final full year of operation, it reported revenues of US$37 million, making it the highest-grossing restaurant in the United States. [5]
The executive chefs of Windows on the World included Philippe Feret of Brasserie Julien; the last chef was Michael Lomonaco.
September 11 attacks [ edit]
Windows on the World was destroyed when the North Tower collapsed during the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. That morning, the restaurant was hosting regular breakfast patrons and the Risk Waters Financial Technology Congress. [6] World Trade Center lessor Larry Silverstein was regularly holding breakfast meetings in Windows on the World with tenants as part of his recent acquisition of the Twin Towers from the Port Authority, and was scheduled to be in the restaurant on the morning of the attacks. However, his wife insisted he go to a dermatologist's appointment that morning, [7] whereby he avoided death. Everyone present in the restaurant when American Airlines Flight 11 penetrated the North Tower perished that day, as all means of escape and evacuation (including the stairwells and elevators leading to below the impact zone) were instantly cut off. Victims trapped in Windows on the World died either from smoke inhalation from the fire, jumping or falling from the building to their deaths, or the eventual collapse of the North Tower 102 minutes later.
There were 72 restaurant staff present in the restaurant, including acting manager Christine Anne Olender, whose desperate calls to Port Authority police represented the restaurant's final communications. [8] 16 Incisive Media -Risk Waters Group employees, and 76 other guests/contractors were also present. [9] After about 9:40 AM, no further distress calls from the restaurant were made. The last people to leave the restaurant before Flight 11 collided with the North Tower at 8:46 AM were Michael Nestor, Liz Thompson, Geoffrey Wharton, and Richard Tierney. They departed at 8:44 AM and survived the attack. [10]
Critical review [ edit]
In its last iteration, Windows on the World received mixed reviews. Ruth Reichl, a New York Times food critic, said in December 1996 that "nobody will ever go to Windows on the World just to eat, but even the fussiest food person can now be content dining at one of New York's favorite tourist destinations. " She gave the restaurant two out of four stars, signifying a "very good" quality rather than "excellent" (three stars) or "extraordinary" (four stars). [11] In his 2009 book Appetite, William Grimes wrote that "At Windows, New York was the main course. " [12] In 2014, Ryan Sutton of compared the now-destroyed restaurant's cuisine to that of its replacement, One World Observatory. He stated, "Windows helped usher in a new era of captive audience dining in that the restaurant was a destination in itself, rather than a lazy byproduct of the vital institution it resided in. " [13]
Cultural impact and legacy [ edit]
Windows of Hope Family Relief Fund was organized soon after the attacks to provide support and services to the families of those in the food, beverage, and hospitality industries who had been killed on September 11 in the World Trade Center. Windows on the World executive chef Michael Lomonaco and owner-operator David Emil were among the founders of that fund.
It has been speculated that The Falling Man, a famous photograph of a man dressed in white falling headfirst on September 11, was an employee at Windows on the World. Although his identity has never been conclusively established, he was believed to be Jonathan Briley, an audio technician at the restaurant. [14]
On March 30, 2005, the novel Windows on the World, by Frédéric Beigbeder, was released. The novel focuses on two brothers, aged 7 and 9 years, who are in the restaurant with their dad Carthew Yorsten. The novel starts at 8:29 AM (just before the plane hits the tower) and tells about every event on every following minute, ending at 10:30 AM, just after the collapse. Published in 2012, Kenneth Womack 's novel The Restaurant at the End of the World offers a fictive recreation of the lives of the staff and visitors at the Windows on the World complex on the morning of September 11.
On January 4, 2006, a number of former Windows on the World staff opened Colors, a co-operative restaurant in Manhattan that serves as a tribute to their colleagues and whose menu reflects the diversity of the former Windows' staff. That original restaurant closed, but its founders' umbrella organization, Restaurant Opportunities Centers United, continues its mission, including at Colors restaurants in New York and other cities.
Windows on the World was planned to reopen on the top floors of the new One World Trade Center, when the tower completed; however, on March 7, 2011, it was cancelled because of cost concerns and other troubles finding support for the project. [15] But successors of Windows on the World, One Dine, One Mix and One Cafe, are located at One World Observatory. [16]
See also [ edit]
List of tenants in One World Trade Center
Top of the World Trade Center Observatories
References [ edit]
^ "Trade Center to Let Public In for Lunch At Roof Restaurant". New York Times. April 16, 1976. Retrieved October 15, 2009.
^ Chong, Ping. The East/West Quartet. p. 143.
^ "New Windows on a New World;Can the Food Ever Match the View? ". The New York Times. June 19, 1996. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
^ "Windows That Rose So Close To the Sun". September 19, 2001. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
^ The Wine News Magazine Archived 2012-02-20 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Risk Waters Group World Trade Center Appeal".
^ "Larry Silverstein: Silverstein Properties". New York Observer. Archived from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
^ " ' We need to find a safe haven, ' WTC restaurant manager pleads". USA Today. August 28, 2003. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
^ "Risk Waters Group archived home page". Archived from the original on August 2, 2002.
^ "9/11: Distant voices, still lives (part one)". The Guardian. London. August 18, 2002. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
^ Reichl, Ruth (December 31, 1997). "Restaurants; Food That's Nearly Worthy of the View". ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
^ Grimes, William (October 13, 2009). Appetite City: A Culinary History of New York. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 281. ISBN 978-1-42999-027-1.
^ Sutton, Ryan (June 30, 2015). "Everything You Need to Know About Dining at One World Trade". Eater NY. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
^ Henry Singer (director) (2006). 9/11: The Falling Man (Documentary). Channel 4.
^ Feiden, Douglas (March 7, 2011). "Plans to build new version of Windows on the World at top of Freedom Tower are scrapped". Daily News. New York.
^ "One Dine". One World Observatory.
External links [ edit]
Windows on the World (Archive)
Archived snapshot of the former WotW website, August 2, 2002
Last pre-9/11 archived snapshot of the former WotW website, February 1, 2001
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The layout was designed to give guests a sense of privacy despite the 350-seat capacity of the restaurant. Photo Credit: Courtesy of Baum+Whiteman International Restaurant Consultants and Dennis Sweeney
On Sept. 11, 2001, 79 workers lost their lives to the terrorist attack.
The layout was designed to give guests a sense of privacy despite the 350-seat capacity of the restaurant. Photo Credit: NYPD
In “The Most Spectacular Restaurant in the World” — a new soup-to-nuts history of Windows on the World — one bittersweet recollection involves cases of Champagne.
The bubbly was to be served at the silver anniversary of the glorious dining destination atop the North Tower of the World Trade Center, where guests ascended to feast, particularly on the jaw-dropping views of Manhattan and beyond.
“The restaurant was going to celebrate its twenty-fifth anniversary with a big event, ” author Tom Roston writes, with “500 cases of Veuve Clicquot, specially bottled for the restaurant…”
The labels for the occasion read: WINDOWS ON THE WORLD, 1976-2001. In retrospect, the words send an eerie chill.
Guy Tozzoli, center, who oversaw construction of the World Trade Center, enjoys a meal at Windows on the World in 1976. Serving Tozzoli and his guest is Captain Claudette Fournier. Photo Credit: Claudette Fournier
“The party never happened, of course, ” Roston tells amNewYork. “The bottles survived. ”
On 9/11, 79 workers at Windows on the World did not survive, lives lost to the terrorist attack.
Roston’s crisply written, deeply researched work opens a wide window to the famous sky-high eatery, reaching back to its conception, while simultaneously taking stock of what the restaurant meant to New York City.
“It’s not necessarily a 9/11 book, but Windows on the World attains this beyond-iconic status because of the tragic way it ended, ” says life-long New Yorker Roston, who was a kid on the Upper West Side when Windows opened in 1976. “I wanted to tell the story of an incredible restaurant. ”
And he does, starting with its visionary creator Joe Baum, of Four Seasons fame, a “celebrated restaurateur who was said to be the only man who could outspend an unlimited budget, ” according to the book. The book recalls and interviews a who’s who of foodies.
When Windows on the World — a complex of venues on the top two floors (106th and 107th) — opened on April 19, 1976, the price tag was a soaring $14 million, Roston reports.
It wasn’t a time to think small, says one restaurant insider.
“Windows was so successful in so many ways, ” says New York- and Los Angeles-based restaurant consultant Clark Wolf. “It was all about the wow, and without question, that was necessary at the time.
“New York was in bad shape in the 1970s, ” Wolf adds. “To turn that around wouldn’t take small steps. It was going to take something big. Windows was big. And glitzy. And sparkly. And it worked hard to stay big. ”
High in the sky, the restaurant became a shining symbol of how NYC could rise — even during the ’70s, when the city was infested by crime, filth and lousy leadership.
In short order, the restaurant became a magnet for power players of every stripe — business, politics, showbiz. Among the celebrity sightings: Mick Jagger, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Andy Warhol and Cher, writes Roston, who considers an anecdote involving the tongue-wagging rockers of KISS a telling favorite. They were shown the door after doodling on a table cloth.
“That defines Windows on the World, ” says Roston. “From the top down, details mattered, whether it was the lightness of the croissants or the pristine table cloths. ”
Mere mortals, not just celebs, made Windows their celebration destination — for birthdays, anniversaries, bar mitzvahs. And even if the food — which evolved from baroque dishes like aspic to farm-to-table fresh ingredients over the restaurant’s life — didn’t always ascend to the splendor of the cloud-hugging views, it was always an experience.
“Restaurants have their own personality, ” says chef and restaurateur Michael Lomonaco, a former cab driver-turned a-list chef who stepped up to the stove and turned around the Windows kitchen in the late ‘90s and, thanks to running a personal errand, eluded death on 9/11.
“Restaurants are a living thing made up of all of the people who bring it to life every day, ” adds Lomonaco, currently chef-partner at Porter House Bar and Grill and Hudson Yards Grill. “And that includes the guests. Windows drew people from around the world to the top of the greatest city in the world.
“The story of Windows on the World takes us through some of the best and worst days in New York, ” he continues. “And the worst day our nation will ever see. I’m very happy that someone has realized the impact that Windows had on New York City. ”
Eighteen years after 9/11, Roston says whenever he “looks at the bottom of Manhattan, ” he sees “the absence. It’s so important not to forget. Not just how `it all ended but what happened before — and after. The story of Windows on the World is, to me, ” he adds, “the story of how New York endures. ”
Author Tom Roston will discuss his book on Sept. 16 at Rizzoli Bookstore, 1133 Broadway from 6-8 PM.
Windows on the World, despite the fact that it takes place in the weeks following the 9/11 terrorist attack in New York, is a film that is urgently for our time. It is a hero's journey of a son trying to find his father in that grief-stricken landscape and the characters stand in for the millions of immigrants, legal and illegal, who contribute in their everyday lives, to the American landscape. The film seeks to counter the narrative that's all-too-prevalent in today's political and media landscape by telling a story set in America's biggest and most diverse city, at its darkest time. The script by playwright and novelist Robert Mailer Anderson (who also produced the film) is wise and completely engaging; he creates indelible characters who are ultimately inspiring and uplifting. Edward James Olmos gives what he considers to be the performance of a lifetime, and the rest of the cast is terrific as well-with a special shout-out to Glynn Turman. The direction, by Olmos's son Michael, is sure-handed, getting terrific performances from his cast, including his father, in this father-son story, and it's beautifully lensed. The music, including jazz and a title track written by Anderson, is pitch-perfect, supporting the story without getting in the way. This film should be seen by everybody-and I'm sure it will be in mainstream distribution soon, as this is a time when, although the major studios may have turned their backs on substance, terrific indie films like this one have many other possible venues. If you can't see it at a film festival, like I did, keep a keen eye out for it. Terrific and inspiring.
 
 


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Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.
Windows on the World
Vue du restaurant depuis la tour sud du World Trade Center, en 1979.
Présentation
Coordonnées 40°&nbsp;42′&nbsp;41″&nbsp;nord, 74°&nbsp;00′&nbsp;48″&nbsp;ouest
Pays
États-Unis
Ville
New York
Adresse
Tour nord du World Trade Center ( 107 e étage)
Fondation
19 avril 1976
Fermeture
11 septembre 2001 (destruction)
Site web
Informations
Chef cuisinier
Michael Lomonaco
modifier
Le Windows on the World (de l' anglais signifiant littéralement «&nbsp;fenêtres sur le monde&nbsp;») était un restaurant de luxe, situé au sommet de la tour nord du World Trade Center ( 106 e et 107 e étages), sur l'île de Manhattan sur laquelle il offrait une vue panoramique, à New York aux États-Unis. Il a été détruit lors des attentats du 11 septembre 2001 contre le complexe, au moment de l'effondrement de la tour à 10 h 28.
Caractéristiques [ modifier | modifier le code]
La tour nord du World Trade Center (à gauche), où le restaurant occupait les derniers étages. Le restaurant en 1999.
D'une superficie de 4&nbsp;600 m 2, le restaurant Windows on the World a ouvert le 19 avril 1976 aux 106 e et 107 e étages de la tour nord du World Trade Center, soit à près de 400&nbsp;mètres de haut.
Conçu initialement par Warren Plattner, il était situé sur le côté nord, offrant à la clientèle une vue sur la ligne d'horizon de Manhattan. Le code vestimentaire obligatoire pour les hommes était la veste; il était strictement appliqué, et pour anecdote, un homme qui arrivait avec une réservation, mais sans veste, était assis au bar.
Le bar s'étendait le long du côté sud de la tour, ainsi qu'au coin de la partie est. Le code vestimentaire du bar était plus détendu et les prix étaient allégés. Le moment le plus populaire était le mercredi lorsque se tenait le Happy Hour Wednesday, quand les consommations étaient gratuites.
On pouvait profiter de la vue sur la pointe sud de Manhattan, où l' Hudson et l' East Rivers se rencontrent. En outre, on pouvait voir le Liberty State Park à Ellis Island et Staten Island, avec le pont Verrazano.
Le restaurant a fermé suite à l' attaque à la voiture piégée perpétrée le 26 février 1993 contre les Twin Towers dans laquelle un employé du restaurant a été tué. Il a rouvert en 1996 après une rénovation ayant coûté 25 millions de dollars.
Avec 37, 5 millions de dollars de bénéfices pour l'année 2000, le Windows on the World était le restaurant dont l'exploitation rapportait le plus d'argent aux États-Unis [ 1].
Attentats du 11 septembre 2001 [ modifier | modifier le code]
Le Windows on the World a été détruit lors des attentats du 11 septembre 2001 contre le World Trade Center, au moment de l'effondrement de la tour nord, à 10 h 28, touchée plus tôt dans la matinée par le crash du vol 11 American Airlines.
Au moment de l'impact de l'avion, à 8 h 46, le restaurant accueillait le Waters Financial Technology Congress, une conférence du Risk Waters Group, avec seize employés présents, ainsi que leurs soixante-et-onze invités [ 2] et une dizaine d'autres clients, en plus des 73 employés du restaurant travaillant à ce moment-là. Parmi ces derniers, le manager Christine Anne Olender appela à différentes reprises la police du port autonome pour demander du secours [ 3]; après 9 h 40, les appels de détresse depuis le restaurant cessèrent.
Le restaurant se trouvant au-dessus de la zone du crash aérien, les personnes présentes au Windows on the World n'ont pas eu la moindre chance de sortir du bâtiment, les escaliers ne permettant plus de descendre en dessous de la zone d'impact; l'accès au toit était par ailleurs bloqué et aucun appareil de secours ne pouvait s'y poser. Ces personnes ont alors trouvé la mort soit en inhalant les fumées provoquées par l'incendie, soit en se défenestrant, ou bien à cause de l'effondrement en lui-même.
La personne se trouvant sur la célèbre photographie de l'homme en chute libre ( The Falling Man) pourrait être un employé du restaurant du nom de Jonathan Briley, mais rien ne permet d'établir son identité avec certitude [ 4].
Michael Nestor, Liz Thompson, Richard Tierney et Geoffrey Wharton sont les dernières personnes à avoir quitté le restaurant avant l'impact du vol AA 11, à 8 h 46 [ 5]. De plus, Larry Silverstein, propriétaire du bail du World Trade Center, avait pour habitude de prendre son petit déjeuner au Windows on the World mais ne fut pas présent ce jour-là, sa femme insistant pour qu'il se rende à un rendez-vous chez son dermatologue [ 6].
Postérité [ modifier | modifier le code]
Le 4 janvier 2006, les survivants du personnel du Windows on the World ont ouvert, en hommage à leurs collègues disparus, un restaurant coopératif du nom de «&nbsp;Colors&nbsp;», toujours à New York, dont le menu se veut représentatif de la diversité des membres de l'ancienne équipe.
Un projet de réouverture du Windows on the World dans les derniers étages du nouveau One World Trade Center était prévu une fois la tour achevée; le restaurant devait couvrir deux étages de l'immeuble avant d'être limité à un seul niveau. Finalement, le projet est annulé le 7 mars 2011, en raison notamment d'un problème de financement [ 7].
Bibliographie [ modifier | modifier le code]
2003: Windows on the World, roman de Frédéric Beigbeder, racontant l'histoire d'un père et ses deux enfants, âgés de 7 et 9 ans, présents dans le restaurant; le roman débute peu de temps avant le crash aérien, à 8 h 29, et se termine peu après l'effondrement de la tour, à 10 h 30;
2012: The Restaurant at the End of the World, roman de Kenneth Womack, s’intéressant aux personnalités du restaurant - employés et clients - au matin du 11 septembre 2001.
Notes et références [ modifier | modifier le code]
↑ (en) Howard G. Goldberg, « Windows on the World, The wine community's true north », sur Wine News.
↑ (en) « Risk Waters Group releases a list of missing staff &amp; companies thought to have had delegates at our conference in the World Trade Center. », Risk Waters Group, 16 octobre 2001.
↑ (en) « 'We need to find a safe haven, ' WTC restaurant manager pleads », sur USA Today, 28 août 2003
↑ Henry Singer, 9/11: The Falling Man, documentaire télévisé, 2006.
↑ (en) Tom Leonard, « The 9/11 victims America wants to forget: The 200 jumpers who flung themselves from the Twin Towers who have been 'airbrushed from history' », sur Daily Mail, 11 septembre 2011
↑ (en) « Larry Silverstein: Silverstein Properties », sur Daily Mail, 13 mars 2013
↑ (en) Douglas Feiden, « Plans to build new version of Windows on the World at top of Freedom Tower are scrapped », sur New York Daily News, 7 mars 2011
Voir aussi [ modifier | modifier le code]
Articles connexes [ modifier | modifier le code]
World Trade Center
Liens externes [ modifier | modifier le code]
L'ancien site web du restaurant (versions archivées par Internet Archive):
Avant sa destruction
Après sa destruction. </p><p>
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</p><p>Following the money will lead you to the fossil fuel industry. Why else have such a response to the fact of man made climate change that almost parallels that of extreme religious fervor? The money argument makes no sense at all.
Only played at movie festivals at this time (unfortunately) Windows on the World is a great movie that will appeal to many of us. It is well written, new in perspective and very moving.<br>
Along with Burning, it is the best movie that I have watched so far this year.
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Windows on the World Restaurant information Established April 19, 1976 Closed September 11, 2001 (destroyed in September 11 attacks) Previous owner(s) David Emil Head chef Michael Lomonaco Street address 1 World Trade Center, 107th Floor, Manhattan, New York City, NY, U. S. City New York City, New York Postal/ZIP Code 10048 Country United States of America Seating capacity 240 Website
Windows on the World was a complex of venues on the top floors (106th and 107th) of the North Tower (Building One) of the original World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan. It included a restaurant called Windows on the World, a smaller restaurant called Wild Blue, a bar called The Greatest Bar on Earth, and rooms for private functions. Developed by restaurateur Joe Baum and designed initially by Warren Platner, Windows on the World occupied 50, 000 square feet (4, 600 m²) of space in the North Tower. The restaurants opened on April 19, 1976, and were destroyed in the September 11, 2001, attacks. [1]
Operations [ edit]
Interior of Windows on the World on November 4, 1999
The main dining room faced north and east, allowing guests to look out onto the skyline of Manhattan. The dress code required jackets for men and was strictly enforced; a man who arrived with a reservation but without a jacket was seated at the bar. The restaurant offered jackets that were loaned to the patrons so they could eat in the main dining room. [2]
A more intimate dining room, Wild Blue, was located on the south side of the restaurant. The bar extended along the south side of 1 World Trade Center as well as the corner over part of the east side. Looking out from the bar through the full length windows, one could see views of the southern tip of Manhattan, where the Hudson and East Rivers meet. In addition, one could see the Liberty State Park with Ellis Island and Staten Island with the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. The kitchens, utility and conference spaces for the restaurant were located on the 106th floor.
Windows on the World closed after the 1993 bombing, in which employee Wilfredo Mercado was killed while checking in deliveries in the building's underground garage. It underwent a US$25 million renovation and reopened in 1996. [3] [4] In 2000, its final full year of operation, it reported revenues of US$37 million, making it the highest-grossing restaurant in the United States. [5]
The executive chefs of Windows on the World included Philippe Feret of Brasserie Julien; the last chef was Michael Lomonaco.
September 11 attacks [ edit]
Windows on the World was destroyed when the North Tower collapsed during the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. That morning, the restaurant was hosting regular breakfast patrons and the Risk Waters Financial Technology Congress. [6] World Trade Center lessor Larry Silverstein was regularly holding breakfast meetings in Windows on the World with tenants as part of his recent acquisition of the Twin Towers from the Port Authority, and was scheduled to be in the restaurant on the morning of the attacks. However, his wife insisted he go to a dermatologist's appointment that morning, [7] whereby he avoided death. Everyone present in the restaurant when American Airlines Flight 11 penetrated the North Tower perished that day, as all means of escape and evacuation (including the stairwells and elevators leading to below the impact zone) were instantly cut off. Victims trapped in Windows on the World died either from smoke inhalation from the fire, jumping or falling from the building to their deaths, or the eventual collapse of the North Tower 102 minutes later.
There were 72 restaurant staff present in the restaurant, including acting manager Christine Anne Olender, whose desperate calls to Port Authority police represented the restaurant's final communications. [8] 16 Incisive Media -Risk Waters Group employees, and 76 other guests/contractors were also present. [9] After about 9:40 AM, no further distress calls from the restaurant were made. The last people to leave the restaurant before Flight 11 collided with the North Tower at 8:46 AM were Michael Nestor, Liz Thompson, Geoffrey Wharton, and Richard Tierney. They departed at 8:44 AM and survived the attack. [10]
Critical review [ edit]
In its last iteration, Windows on the World received mixed reviews. Ruth Reichl, a New York Times food critic, said in December 1996 that "nobody will ever go to Windows on the World just to eat, but even the fussiest food person can now be content dining at one of New York's favorite tourist destinations. " She gave the restaurant two out of four stars, signifying a "very good" quality rather than "excellent" (three stars) or "extraordinary" (four stars). [11] In his 2009 book Appetite, William Grimes wrote that "At Windows, New York was the main course. " [12] In 2014, Ryan Sutton of compared the now-destroyed restaurant's cuisine to that of its replacement, One World Observatory. He stated, "Windows helped usher in a new era of captive audience dining in that the restaurant was a destination in itself, rather than a lazy byproduct of the vital institution it resided in. " [13]
Cultural impact and legacy [ edit]
Windows of Hope Family Relief Fund was organized soon after the attacks to provide support and services to the families of those in the food, beverage, and hospitality industries who had been killed on September 11 in the World Trade Center. Windows on the World executive chef Michael Lomonaco and owner-operator David Emil were among the founders of that fund.
It has been speculated that The Falling Man, a famous photograph of a man dressed in white falling headfirst on September 11, was an employee at Windows on the World. Although his identity has never been conclusively established, he was believed to be Jonathan Briley, an audio technician at the restaurant. [14]
On March 30, 2005, the novel Windows on the World, by Frédéric Beigbeder, was released. The novel focuses on two brothers, aged 7 and 9 years, who are in the restaurant with their dad Carthew Yorsten. The novel starts at 8:29 AM (just before the plane hits the tower) and tells about every event on every following minute, ending at 10:30 AM, just after the collapse. Published in 2012, Kenneth Womack 's novel The Restaurant at the End of the World offers a fictive recreation of the lives of the staff and visitors at the Windows on the World complex on the morning of September 11.
On January 4, 2006, a number of former Windows on the World staff opened Colors, a co-operative restaurant in Manhattan that serves as a tribute to their colleagues and whose menu reflects the diversity of the former Windows' staff. That original restaurant closed, but its founders' umbrella organization, Restaurant Opportunities Centers United, continues its mission, including at Colors restaurants in New York and other cities.
Windows on the World was planned to reopen on the top floors of the new One World Trade Center, when the tower completed; however, on March 7, 2011, it was cancelled because of cost concerns and other troubles finding support for the project. [15] But successors of Windows on the World, One Dine, One Mix and One Cafe, are located at One World Observatory. [16]
See also [ edit]
List of tenants in One World Trade Center
Top of the World Trade Center Observatories
References [ edit]
^ "Trade Center to Let Public In for Lunch At Roof Restaurant". New York Times. April 16, 1976. Retrieved October 15, 2009.
^ Chong, Ping. The East/West Quartet. p.&nbsp;143.
^ "New Windows on a New World;Can the Food Ever Match the View? ". The New York Times. June 19, 1996. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
^ "Windows That Rose So Close To the Sun". September 19, 2001. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
^ The Wine News Magazine Archived 2012-02-20 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Risk Waters Group World Trade Center Appeal".
^ "Larry Silverstein: Silverstein Properties". New York Observer. Archived from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
^ " ' We need to find a safe haven, ' WTC restaurant manager pleads". USA Today. August 28, 2003. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
^ "Risk Waters Group archived home page". Archived from the original on August 2, 2002.
^ "9/11: Distant voices, still lives (part one)". The Guardian. London. August 18, 2002. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
^ Reichl, Ruth (December 31, 1997). "Restaurants; Food That's Nearly Worthy of the View". ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
^ Grimes, William (October 13, 2009). Appetite City: A Culinary History of New York. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p.&nbsp;281. ISBN 978-1-42999-027-1.
^ Sutton, Ryan (June 30, 2015). "Everything You Need to Know About Dining at One World Trade". Eater NY. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
^ Henry Singer (director) (2006). 9/11: The Falling Man (Documentary). Channel 4.
^ Feiden, Douglas (March 7, 2011). "Plans to build new version of Windows on the World at top of Freedom Tower are scrapped". Daily News. New York.
^ "One Dine". One World Observatory.
External links [ edit]
Windows on the World (Archive)
Archived snapshot of the former WotW website, August 2, 2002
Last pre-9/11 archived snapshot of the former WotW website, February 1, 2001
v t e World Trade Center First WTC (1973–2001)
Construction
Towers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Windows on the World
Mall
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Ideogram
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Major events
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Second WTC (2001–present) Site, towers, and structures
One
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Artwork ( ONE: Union of the Senses)
Rapid transit
PATH stations
Transportation Hub
New York City Subway stations
Chambers Street–WTC/Park Place/Cortlandt Street ( 2, ​ 3 ​, A, ​ C, ​ E ​, ​ N, ​ R, and ​ W trains)
WTC Cortlandt ( 1 train)
Fulton Street ( 2, ​ 3 ​, 4, ​ 5 ​, A, ​ C ​, J, and ​ Z trains)
Fulton Center
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9/11 memorials
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New York Mercantile Exchange. </p><p>
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Hello dear Andres Barilla! &nbsp; I am your subscriber and I would like to ask you some questions. I hope you answer me! 1. Have you worked in the North Tower of the World Trade Center? if so, by whom? 2. If you worked there, in what year did you get a job there? 3. How long do you think you worked there before 9/11? how did you survive? &nbsp; These questions torment me, and I would be very happy if you answered me. Good luck.</p><p>
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Wish I could have gone to window on the world someday, such a shame, classy beautiful restaurant and RIP to everyone who died there. Burn in hell to the evil attackes. 
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</p><p>The layout was designed to give guests a sense of privacy despite&nbsp;the 350-seat capacity&nbsp;of the restaurant. Photo Credit: Courtesy of Baum+Whiteman International Restaurant Consultants and Dennis Sweeney
On Sept. 11, 2001, 79 workers lost their lives to the terrorist attack.
The layout was designed to give guests a sense of privacy despite&nbsp;the 350-seat capacity&nbsp;of the restaurant. Photo Credit: NYPD
In “The Most Spectacular Restaurant in the World” —&nbsp;a new soup-to-nuts history of Windows on the World — one bittersweet recollection involves cases of Champagne.
The bubbly was to be served at the silver anniversary of the glorious dining destination atop the North Tower of the World Trade Center, where guests ascended to feast, particularly on the jaw-dropping views of Manhattan and beyond.
“The restaurant was going to celebrate its twenty-fifth anniversary with a big event, ” author Tom Roston writes, with “500 cases of Veuve Clicquot, specially bottled for the restaurant…”
The labels for the occasion read: WINDOWS ON THE WORLD, 1976-2001. In retrospect, the words send an eerie chill.
Guy Tozzoli, center, who oversaw construction of the World Trade Center, enjoys a meal at Windows on the World in 1976. Serving Tozzoli and his guest is Captain Claudette Fournier. Photo Credit: Claudette Fournier
“The party never happened, of course, ” Roston tells amNewYork. “The bottles survived. ”
On 9/11, 79 workers at Windows on the World did not survive, lives&nbsp;lost to the terrorist attack.
Roston’s crisply written, deeply researched work opens a wide window to the famous sky-high eatery, reaching back to its conception, while simultaneously taking stock of what the restaurant meant to New York City.
“It’s not necessarily a 9/11 book, but Windows on the World attains this beyond-iconic status because of the tragic way it ended, ” says life-long New Yorker Roston, who was a kid on the Upper West Side when Windows opened in 1976. “I wanted to tell the story of an incredible restaurant. ”
And he does, starting with its visionary creator Joe Baum, of&nbsp;Four Seasons fame, a “celebrated restaurateur who was said to be the only man who could outspend an unlimited budget, ” according to the book. The book recalls and interviews a who’s who of foodies.
When Windows on the World —&nbsp;a complex of venues on the top two floors (106th and 107th) — opened on April 19, 1976, the price tag was a soaring $14 million, Roston reports.
It wasn’t a time to think small, says one restaurant insider.
“Windows was so successful in so many ways, ” says New York- and Los Angeles-based restaurant consultant Clark Wolf. “It was all about the wow, and without question, that was necessary at the time.
“New York was in bad shape in the 1970s, ” Wolf adds. “To turn that around wouldn’t take small steps. It was going to take something big. Windows was big. And glitzy. And sparkly. And it worked hard to stay big. ”
High in the sky, the restaurant became a shining symbol of how NYC could rise —&nbsp;even during the ’70s, when the city was infested by crime, filth and lousy leadership.
In short order, the restaurant became a magnet for power players of every stripe —&nbsp;business, politics, showbiz. Among the celebrity sightings: Mick Jagger, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Andy Warhol and Cher, writes Roston, who considers an anecdote involving the tongue-wagging rockers of KISS&nbsp;a telling favorite. They were shown the door after doodling on a table cloth.
“That defines Windows on the World, ” says Roston. “From the top down, details mattered, whether it was the lightness of the croissants or the pristine table cloths. ”
Mere mortals, not just celebs, made Windows their celebration destination —&nbsp;for birthdays, anniversaries, bar mitzvahs. And even if the food —&nbsp;which evolved from baroque dishes like aspic to farm-to-table fresh ingredients over the restaurant’s life —&nbsp;didn’t always ascend to the splendor of the cloud-hugging views, it was always an experience.
“Restaurants have their own personality, ” says chef and restaurateur Michael Lomonaco, a former cab driver-turned a-list chef who stepped up to the stove and turned around the Windows kitchen in the late ‘90s and, thanks to running a personal errand, eluded death on 9/11.
“Restaurants are a living thing made up of all of the people who bring it to life every day, ” adds Lomonaco, currently chef-partner at Porter House Bar and Grill and Hudson Yards Grill. “And that includes the guests. Windows drew people from around the world to the top of the greatest city in the world.
“The story of Windows on the World takes us through some of the best and worst days in New York, ” he continues. “And the worst day our nation will ever see. I’m very happy that someone has realized the impact that Windows had on New York City. ”
Eighteen years after 9/11, Roston says whenever he “looks at the bottom of&nbsp;Manhattan, ” he sees “the absence. It’s so important not to forget. Not just how `it all ended but what happened before — and after. The story of Windows on the World is, to me, ” he adds, “the story of how New York endures. ”
Author Tom Roston will discuss his book on Sept. 16 at Rizzoli Bookstore, 1133 Broadway from 6-8 PM.</p><p>
</p><p>Windows on the World, despite the fact that it takes place in the weeks following the 9/11 terrorist attack in New York, is a film that is urgently for our time. It is a hero's journey of a son trying to find his father in that grief-stricken landscape and the characters stand in for the millions of immigrants, legal and illegal, who contribute in their everyday lives, to the American landscape. The film seeks to counter the narrative that's all-too-prevalent in today's political and media landscape by telling a story set in America's biggest and most diverse city, at its darkest time. The script by playwright and novelist Robert Mailer Anderson (who also produced the film) is wise and completely engaging; he creates indelible characters who are ultimately inspiring and uplifting. Edward James Olmos gives what he considers to be the performance of a lifetime, and the rest of the cast is terrific as well-with a special shout-out to Glynn Turman. The direction, by Olmos's son Michael, is sure-handed, getting terrific performances from his cast, including his father, in this father-son story, and it's beautifully lensed. The music, including jazz and a title track written by Anderson, is pitch-perfect, supporting the story without getting in the way. This film should be seen by everybody-and I'm sure it will be in mainstream distribution soon, as this is a time when, although the major studios may have turned their backs on substance, terrific indie films like this one have many other possible venues. If you can't see it at a film festival, like I did, keep a keen eye out for it. Terrific and inspiring.</p><p>
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